8 Tips For Writing An Excellent Essay

8 Tips For Writing An Excellent Essay This is true whether you're quoting another source directly or simply summarizing or paraphrasing their words or ideas. For example, your topic sentence might be something like, “Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories are among the many literary influences apparent in P. G. Wodehouse's Jeeves novels.” You could then back this up by quoting a passage that contains a reference to Sherlock Holmes. Try organizing your notes into different categories so you can identify specific ideas you'd like to focus on. You might also end up reordering some of the content of the essay if you think that helps it flow better. You might have to cut material from your essay in some places and add new material in others. Once you've read over your essay, go through and edit it. I searched a lot of websites for help, but this site helped me than any other site. Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 7,277,024 times. This article was co-authored by Christopher Taylor, PhD. Christopher Taylor is an Adjunct Assistant Professor of English at Austin Community College in Texas. He received his PhD in English Literature and Medieval Studies from the University of Texas at Austin in 2014. At least with masterpapers I can be sure that not a single person will find out about it. They are obsessed with security measurements and do all that is necessary to ensure customer`s privacy. We accept deadlines starting at 3 hours, but you can pick a 6, 12 or 24 hours’ deadline and pay less for your essay. Our Quality Assurance Team checks every paper for sale for plagiarism and consistency before final delivery. You are guaranteed to receive an entirely original piece with properly cited sources. because they lack information materials or don’t know how to conduct academic research. Not a big fan of cheating, but, hey… We all need a helping hand from time to time. As a final proof-test, the remaining candidates have to complete a guest assignment to show their competence and ability to cope with real orders. Only 8% perform the best and complete a top-quality custom paper free of mistakes and plagiarisms. When you're done, go back over the essay again to make sure it flows well and that there aren't any problems you missed. If you've cited any sources in the essay, you'll need to include a list of works cited at the end. If you plan to use someone else's ideas or information that you got from another source, you will need to credit the source of your information. For example, if you're analyzing a short story, you might put all your notes on a particular theme or character together. If you're having trouble narrowing down your topic, your instructor might be able to provide guidance or inspiration. For a critical essay, you might choose to focus on a particular theme in the work you're discussing, or analyze the meaning of a specific passage. If you're doing a research-based essay, you might find some inspiration from reading through some of the major sources on the subject. at MasterPapers, you receive special bonuses which you can use to pay for your next orders. There may be issues that you missed during your initial round of editing, and there could also be new typos or formatting issues if you made changes to the original draft. You may find it easier to spot these errors on a printout rather than on an electronic version of your essay. Meaning that the more papers you order from us, the less you have to pay for them. We’ll notify you when the completed copy will be available for download. You’ll need to describe your task or attach your assignment brief and set the deadline. Different essay genres can have different formats. Make sure to check the specific conventions of your essay genre with your professor. After editing your essay, go over it again closely to spot any minor errors, such as typos or formatting problems.

Surveillance State in the Post-Modern Era - Free Essay Example

It has been years since Michel Foucault wrote his book, Discipline and Punish, and more than ever, this book is relevant to the ever intrusive and evolving tech world that we live in today. Dave Eggers novel The Circle is a testament to prove Foucaults theory. Technology not only has given government, especially authoritarian one a considerable amount of power, but it has also given individuals immense power over other human beings. The government studies an individual like an object, as a body without a soul. The one with the knowledge or means to attack another person will hack or hire a spy ware to surveille on another person. The theory of biopolitics is prevalent to todays world. No longer is your nest-door neighbor a spy, your phone will act as a spy on you if someone with power has installed a hidden spyware onto your phone. This is the biggest dilemma of the 21st century, where more than ever, privacy is becoming a luxury. Mae, by willing to live with full transparency, is living in a panopticon. Michel Foucault was an influential French philosopher and social theorist from the 20th century. Foucault was associated with the post-structuralist movement, which is also known as post-modernism. One of Foucaults main theme is on how power and knowledge are used in social institutions as a form of social control. He learned that this form of social control is learned in the prison system and spread across societies. Prison is an apparatus of knowledge. Instead of focusing on the powerful versus the powerless, Foucault looked at power as a network of relationships. He believed that power relations are present in every human interaction. Dave Egger in his book Circle showcases the consequences of living under full transparency. The character, Mae gets a dream job at one of the largest tech company and worked her way to the top of the company, and the novel focuses on how Mae began to give up all of her privacy, and live in a Panopticon created by her company consented by her. She all ows the company to control her and make herself the subject. He who is being watched and is aware that he is being watched becomes the principle of his own subjection (203). This quote is relevant to the panopticon system in terms of prison and in the Circle. In the beginning of the novel, Mae is introduced to the Panoptic system of the company. For example, Reneta pulled up a childhood picture, which Mae though was only in her private possession. The other times was when Reneta was showing Mae her room through the elevator, Mae asked whether they put anyone with vertigo up on the fourth floor, Reneta said, Of course not. Your profile said(7). This is very alarming because in this employee/employer relation, we can see that because the company has so much private data on each employee, it has immense power over Mae and use it against her. This power only increases as Mae moves up the ladder of the company and opens up every aspect of her life. At the presentation about the Luvluv app, Francis was more than happy to talk about his relationship with Mae and she was disgusted that he didnt use a fake person (Eggers, 124). At this point, Mae still had instilled in her brain her old values and the company havent fully indoctrinated her, but th at will eventually change. Francis treating Mae as an object that can be humiliated in front of others by revealing private information like her film preferences, where she likes to jog just for the app to prevail. At this company, human life is not valued. In Foucaults Panopticon lepers and plague victims were branded, excluded, surveilled, studied. Foucault believed that the leper gave rise to rituals of exclusion and plague gave rise to disciplinary projects (Foucault, Panopticon, p.198). Similarly, Mae is being studied like a subject and statistic for an app. There are two sorts of power. There is the repressive power, which has been in practice for thousands of years, but the new form of power that Foucault is mostly interested in is what he calls disciplinary power. The disciplinary power is practiced everywhere and at school, work and hospitals, people become subjects of surveillance. The Judges of normality are everywhere. The intention of disciplinary power is to make people docile, useful and therefore, ultimately making the body obedient and compliant (Foucault, 1975, p.138). When enforcing disciplinary powers, the emphasis is on time and space. Everyone is expected to be somewhere at a certain time. For example, at work, if you show up on time, youre considered a disciplined worker. The whole society is set up in a reward and punish sort of system. If you always show up to work on time, you get to keep the job. If you dont, youre fired. The structure or how the panopticon was built allows for the prison guard or warden to surveil and discipline the prisoners. Foucault wants us to see beyond the prison and see how the tactics used in prison are prevalent to the society outside of the prison. The employees of the company are made to believe that secrets are lies, sharing is caring, and privacy is theft (Eggers, The Circle, p.305). Because Maes parents were signed onto her insurance plan at work, parent learned that all their information from medical treatment to their email and mailing address being public, and Mae being fully transparent, they learned to adjust their behavior (365). Nothing else but disciplinary power is doing the job in making her parents change their behavior once Mae is there because they know they are being watched. Parents are expected to spend 16 hours responding to commenters and if they dont, they get mad. The parents tried to explain all of these frustrations to Mae. This is example of self-censorship that Michel Foucaults speaks of. Foucault argues that this prison model has expanded beyond the prison system. For instance, the school, hospitals, and workplace have all taken a part in this. After retaining disciplinary power, the disciplinary society is formed. In part, people become conscious and start to manage themselves without intervention from authorities because people understand that they are constantly being surveilled. Peoples individuality comes from their contact with these institutions. For example, the school they go to, and basically, the kind of society they are brought up in. Foucault (1975) says the practice of placing individuals under observation is a natural extension of a justice imbued with disciplinary methods and examination procedures (p.227). Discipline is also seen as a rational way to manage populations. In The Circle when Baily meets with Mae, he is able to convince her that wearing camera is a good thing and that transparency is very important. He said to her, Your excess to the sha dows, in this case illusory shadows, facilitates bad behavior. And when you know youre being watched, you are your better self. Correct (Eggers, The Circle, p.300). Mae says, Correct. So, this is the self-censorship that Foucault discusses. If Mae knows she is being watched, she wont commit crimes. If she agrees to wearing a camera in front of all the other employees and agrees to go transparent, the company now also have witnesses that Mae agreed to this and the company has no wrongs because she consented. This is a technique used to control an individual and constrain them to less than human. This is a rational way to manage the employees according to the company because now they can just watch their every action through the screen. Foucault argues that we live in a carceral archipelago, which is a society filled with normalizing techniques (p.297). There are six effects of this archipelago. Firstly, behaviors are constantly being watched and therefore, abnormal behaviors as defined by society are easy to detect without the intervention from authorities. He argues that people who are different or maybe think different are seen as being same as an enemy of the state. Second, a disciplinary career was created and now people are easily visible to the state. For example, social security and more severely in the modern day, technology has given the state so much authority to illegally surveille its citizens. Third, he states that central to carceral was peoples inability to resist because discipline is seen as normal and only way of surviving. The system is set up so that people cant resist. He claims that because people go to rehabilitation center to evade prison sentences, the power to punish is no different from t hat of curing or educating (Foucault, 1975, p.303). In The Circle, the company has instilled in Mae ideology that the company wants in her and shes normalizing it everywhere she goes. Mae learned that Francis was filming their sexual encounter, she asked him to delete the video, but he told her that we dont delete at the circle (Eggers, The Circle, p. 205). They are using a normalization technique described by Foucault to show to new comers to think that this sort of action is the new normal. Mae was worried that other employees might see the video because all videos on their phone are accessible for the company. When Mae pleaded Annie to delete the video, she said they dont delete at Circle, Baily, one of the top, considers these information as his babies. He is apparently an advocate for transparency (206). Mae is being introduced to the panopticon. Mae puts herself into the panoptic system. Her physical body has become a docile body. First, she believes in the company or the company brainwashes her into believing their vision of full transparency. Mae punishes her loved ones because they questioned the intrusiveness of the company into their private life and she punishes them without the company doing anything in the process. Second, she allows her company to film her day to day life. The ideology of the party has reached her soul and controls her. The company does not foster thinkers but followers. The company is acting like a tyrant. In Michel Foucaults Subject and Power, he argued that humans are made into subjects and then, theres division within the subject himself or with other subjects. For example, people are either branded good or bad, etc. by society. In the Circle people are given the ability to rate the employees and therefore, they control the employees proving that anyone can control the panoptic system. Foucault also discusses how human turn themselves into subjects. Subject is defined by Foucault as subject to someone by control or tied to his own identity by a conscience or self-knowledge (Foucault, 331). Like the watchtower in Panopticon, the Circle also started their transparency plan by first installing a thousand SeeChange cameras and second, they put it in hallways, labsm and workares (Eggers, The Circle, 242). Mercer told Mae that everything her company does may look progressive, but is actually more control and centralized with the ability to track (261). Mercer raises concerns of how someone can abuse their power, but Mae dismisses his concerns and calls him a conspiracy theorist. Michel Foucault believed that in the modern day, the objective of punishment is to target of the soul. The Justice System keeps a distance from the execution process and distributes the prison process to a political technology of the body (Foucault, 1975, p.30). As a result of this new restraint a whole army of technicians took over from the executioner, the immediate anatomist of pain: warder, doctors, chaplains, psychiatrists, psychologists, educationalists, . (p.11). Foucault asserts that the system gathers knowledge about a person to control their body. The Justice system is there to correct and rehabilitate offenders and if possible, send them back to the disciplined society. People are disciplined in society and if someone breaks the rule, they are then sent to prison. Therefore, there is an ongoing cycle of constraints of the citizens bodily activity. On a wall, Mae saw the saying in the company was: To heal we must know, To know we must share (Eggers, The Circle, p.15). This is the ideology that the company wants to instill in all of the circles. The doctor at the circle kept check on all of the employees health, and coerce them to wear a wrist monitor that collects data on their heart rate, blood pressure, sleep duration, etc. (p.155). The doctor says that this monitor allows them to know when an employer is overworked so that they can reduce the work hours. In theory this example might sound reasonable, but in practices, the level of control they have over their employer will allow them to exploit them. In leper colony and plague stuck town, peoples health was controlled and dictated by bureaucrats. The bureaucrats are controlling the employees health decisions. Maes parents had a lot of battles with their previous insurance companies which caused her mom the stop working (p.161) so she decided to add them to her works insurance leading them to praise her so much about how she is the savior of the family only to realize later that their privacy is als o being invaded by the company. According to Foucault, the court pass judgments about an individual and brands them. Range them and if they fit their definition of insane, they are sent to rehabilitation centers. If not, theyre sent to prison. He also asserts that modern prison system has formed this idea of having a calculated economy of punishment. By this he means that the modern system acts as if we know how much to punish a person. Power creates knowledge (Foucault, 1975, p. 28). This garner support for the system because the court is seemed as an entity that not only punishes, but also fixes societys illness. In The Circle, Denise told Mae that she has questions about her sense of self-worth and said she studied some models of behavior and her attitude is sub-social and certainly far from transparent. To Denise, being sub-social is considered as having low self-esteem (Eggers, The Circle, p.189). In Discipline and Punish, people who arent disciplined or docile are punished and at the Circle, people who arent transparent are branded as having low self-esteem. Theyre slowly indoctrination Mae into the partys ideology. Mae blames and scold herself. Denise is acting as the court, passing judgements about an individual and start branding and labeling them. The technological capabilities that Mae was exposed to allowed her to at times act as a criminal. Although criminals know that what theyre doing to be unethical and wrong, Mae acts like shes doing the victim a good deed. Also, she did not face any charges for her crimes and therefore, that allow for her to continue to act that way and to think that shes not doing anything wrong. The ideologies at the company is so deeply engrained into Maes life that she wants her parents, ex. To be transparent just like her. Maes characteristics are relatable to a lot of millennials and older generation alike. Due to the availability of social media, people choose to share their thought, where they are, what they are doing without a second thought of what the companies are doing with their data. It is so deeply engrained in our mind that we feel the we have an obligation to give daily updates. Social media also has a better memory than people. If a person post something years ago, others may dig it up and scrutinize the person. Little do they think that people grow over time and what they might think years ago might not reflect the person they are now. This can create environment where people start to practice self-censorship. People are treated like statistics and not human beings that can make mistakes and grow in life. References Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and Punish. (A. Sheridan, Trans). New York, NY. Random House, Inc. (Original work published in 1975). Eggers, Dave (2014). The Circle. New York, NY. First Vintage Books Edition Reflection After reading Foucaults Panopticon for class for the second time, I realize that surveillance was a topic of interest for me. I wanted to write about surveillance because with the improvement in technology, more and more companies are now able to create apps, phones, spyware, etc to track people, collect private information and sell them. I realize that more people need to be aware of this and the implication and consequences if people dont act to weigh the pros and cons. If allowed, corporations or criminals will use our information against us. Some consulting companies make billions of dollars in collecting our data and then, selling them. For example, Cambridge Analytica unethically collected data from Facebook on behalf of the Trump Campaign. Not the companies but we should have ownership of our own private information. What we buy, search, browse is not anyones business but ourselves. When I spoke to professor, and because she recommended the book The Circle to me, I realize the deeper implication of transparent world, and updating social media every hour. After reading, The Circle, I gained a new perspective of how to apply Michel Foucaults Panopticon. The panopticon, The Circle, is democratic. Mae had control over Mercer and her parents, etc, the company had control over its employees not by physically punishing them but by indoctrinating and exploiting them.

The Debate Of Stem Cell Research - 1519 Words

With a quote from the New International Version of the Holy Bible, I bring the topic of stem cell research to the table to inform you on a topic you most likely know nothing about. According to the bible the strong need to bear with the failings of the weak. Why should we please ourselves if we don’t care for stem cell research? Among one of the, if not the most, controversial topics of our time comes one medical science that can save lives if legalized nationwide. We are talking about stem cells of course, and why the allowance of these basic cells in common medical practice has potential to vastly improve the lives of many. Despite all the good that can be derived from stem cell research, many are none too hasty to condemn the act for†¦show more content†¦Second, under certain physiological or experimental situations they can be induced to become tissues – or organs. This leaves a great deal of unexplored area in modern medical sciences, and a great deal for humanity to gain knowledge on about the human body. Now, to expand further on the topic we are encroaching on, there are 2 main types of stem cells as far as research is concerned. The first type, the one that brings about the controversy, is embryonic stem cells. According to mayoclinic.org, these stem cells come from embryos that are three to five days old. At this stage, an embryo is called a blastocyst and has about 150 cells. These are pluripotent stem cells, meaning they can divide into more stem cells or can become any type of cell in the body. This versatility allows embryonic stem cells to be used to regenerate or repair diseased tissue and organs, although their use in people has been to date limited to eye-related disorders such as macular degeneration. The second type is adult stem cells. According to the previously mentioned source, these stem cells are found in small numbers in most adult tissues, such as bone marrow or fat. Compared with embryonic stem cells, adult st em cells have a more limited ability to give rise to various cells of the body. Yet, due to many misconceptions about stem cells and how said stem cells are derived, there is a

Aristotle on Courage Essay - 1081 Words

In the 1939 movie classic, The Wizard of Oz, the Cowardly Lion is on a quest for the wizard to give him courage. He is afraid of everything and anything. However, in Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle believes that courage is possible for all individuals. To gain courage one must have the inner qualities that will guide the courageous. The most important part of these qualities is to come to terms with death itself. Also, there are views of courage that are falsely perceived because they appear to be parallel with one another; nevertheless they are still very different. One must have many different inner qualities in order to achieve courage. First, one must not be concerned with death; death can be a beautiful thing. Aristotle†¦show more content†¦Excessive fearlessness and exceeding confidence, nor exceeding fear and lack of confidence (deficiency), does not make a courageous man. Aristotle talks about the courageous person, and that person acts with the awareness of the concept of honor and expresses it in a manner that is proportionate, knowing exactly what to really fear. Many different things can be frightening; one must decipher these things the greater fear from the lesser for the sake of the beautiful. (Aristotle 49, Sachs) To correctly aim at what is beautiful, one actively achieves moral virtue. The beautiful is the purest form of beauty and Aristotle states that beautiful action comes from a beautiful character and aims at beauty. Virtue aims at enduring fears and feeling confident with respect to rationality. Aristotle claims t hat the courageous man may fear things that not everyone feels the need to fear, but he will endure and overcome these fears and feel rationally confident. To become a courageous individual however, it is crucial that one be able to comprehend the fact of death. Dying is a beautiful thing when dying for defense and honor while facing real dangers that puts one at risk. Aristotle writes, â€Å"One would call courageous a person who is unafraid in the face of a beautiful death.†(48-49) This shows that Aristotle believes that the courageous person needs to stand firm on their values or beliefs no matter what the repercussions are. If one soShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Engineer, Is It Virtuous?775 Words   |  4 PagesEthics in Engineer, Is it Virtuous? Aristotle developed a type of ethics that many use throughout the world, virtue ethics. Virtue ethics can be defined as an act that is right if, and only if, a virtuous person performs it for the right reason. That begs the question, â€Å"What is a virtuous person?† A virtuous person is someone who conforms to moral and ethical principles. For the sake of argument, morality is the difference between right and wrong. 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Irans Nuclear Agreement With The P-5

Question: Describe about the Irans Nuclear Agreement With The P-5. Answer: A case on Iran's Nuclear Agreement with the p-5 P5 refers to the five permanent members of UN namely China, Russia, France, United States and United Kingdom. With the joining of Germany, it is known as P5+1. As viewed by Katzman and Kerr (2015)[1], it is a group of six world powers which had joined in 2006 in a diplomatic effort with Iran towards the nuclear program. On July 14th 2015, Iran Nuclear Deal was made as an international agreement on the nuclear program of Iran. It was under this agreement that Iran agreed to eliminate the available stockpile of medium enriched uranium by 98% and in addition reduce the gas centrifuge for over 13 years. It has been undermined that for the upcoming 15 years, Iran will be enriched with Uranium up to 3.67% (Bowen and Moran 2015)[2]. In addition to this, Iran also agreed on the point that there will not be availability of any heavy-water facilities for the time being (Katzman and Kerr 2015). The Uranium-enrichment activities will be limited to single facility, only by using the first generat ion centrifuges at least for the next 10 years. Any kind of risks will also be proliferated. The International Atomic Energy Agency was complied with an agreement to monitor and verify all kinds of Iranian nuclear facilities. Development of Iranian nuclear technology had begun in the 1970s when US had proposed the Peace program to provide assistance to Iran. In this respect, Iran had signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of the Nuclear Weapons to establish itself as a non-nuclear weapon state (Bowen and Moran 2015). In the year 1979, the Iranian Revolution took place that resulted in the disarray of the Irans nuclear talent and gave rise to a revolution. It was during this time, Iran got engaged with a costly war with Iraq in the year between 1980 and 1988. In the late 1980s, Iran restarted its nuclear program and by this time got assistance from the countries like Pakistan, China and Russia and started pursuing an indigenous nuclear fuel cycle that developed a uranium mining infrastructure (Katzman and Kerr 2015). This was an evident experimentation of the conversion and enrichment of uranium. It was by this time considered that Iran was no longer using any kind of nuclear cover program for clandest ine weapon development. It was thus evident that Iran had always focused on peaceful nuclear work. In 2003, with the prospect of being referred to the Security Council of UN, Iran entered into a diplomatic relation with other developed countries like France, Germany and the United Kingdom. However, United States did not involve in this negotiation. With the Tehran Declaration, Iran completely agreed to temporarily suspend the uranium enrichment and conversion of the uranium activities (Bowen and Moran 2015). It was not an easy proposal for the Iranian government but the country felt heavy on demand and light on incentives and sent notification to resume the conversion of Uranium. It was further demanded that Iran should cease the enrichment activities and impose sanctions on Iran that included bans on the transfer of nuclear and missile technology and at the same time freeze on the entities of nuclear weapons to keep the country under pressure (Dupont 2016)[3]. Role of former US President, Barack Obama cannot be declined. In 2009, it was revealed that there is an existence of an underground enrichment facility that was built on another nuclear facility (Katzman and Kerr 2015). It was due to this factor, Iran was considered as the centre of non-proliferation regime and got threatened to take military action from Israel. Further investigation indicated that Iran has a technological as well as industrial capacity that can help the country to produce more nuclear weapons at some point of time. A joint agreement was made to utilize the available nuclear resources (Dupont 2016). This was the Geneva agreement where Iran agreed to roll back its nuclear agreement on the condition that there will be relief from some sanctions. In 2015 the Iran nuclear deal framework was signed and it was accepted that there shall be certain restrictions on the nuclear program at least for the next decade (Bowen and Moran 2015). Negotiation was made towards a Joint Co mprehensive Plan of Action that was based on a framework of nuclear deal. With the implementation of this agreement, a long term agreement was established on Irans sensitive nuclear fuel cycle activities. It was undermined that Irans plutonium path to bomb will be eliminated. At least the agreement will be expanded to next 12 months (Dupont 2016). Therefore, a monitoring activity was layered and a safeguard agreement giving access to international inspections for any kind of Iranian facilities concerning military sites to safeguard the required early notification of design or any other nuclear projects by Iran. An important part has to be mentioned here. Germany plays a vital role in the entire Irans nuclear program. Germany had the largest share in exporting goods and Iran is the key trading partner (Bowen and Moran 2015). There are a number of German companies that trades with the petrochemical sectors of Iran. These Companies include Linde, Lurgi, Krupp, Volkswagen and others. In fact, the largest share of Irans export market is with Germany (Katzman and Kerr 2015). The export with Germany has increased by 8.9%. Therefore, the overall bilateral trade was as high as 2.98 billion Euros (Dupont 2016). However, there has been a shift in the business ties in the short term and long term business in the interest of US and thus, there remains less chances of any kind of political pressure from the US. The sanction made on the nuclear impact helped to relief its key nuclear restrictions and other non proliferated commitments. In fact, the sanction served as an incentive for Tehran to follow the obligations in the long term. As pointed out by Chari (2014)[4], that US might believe that by rejecting the agreement there still remained the chance of increased pressure to coerce the leaders in Tehran to dismantle the Irans nuclear program and get back to better terms. With the necessary European allies and international support for any basic Iran related sanctions that would significantly help to expand the capacity of the country to produce bomb-grade materials. Iran cannot move rapidly towards the manufacturing of nuclear weapons. It was made clear that all extra centrifuge machines will be removed and all other infrastructures like piping, vacuum and others will be taken out (Grove 2015)[5]. In fact, it has been hoped that Iran shall be using these machines to repair the other broken machines and not to produce any other machines. This had reduced the number of machines under at least 500. More information was revealed regarding the availability of the stockpile of the uranium and other uranium enriched substances. Approximately, 10, 000 kg of the available uranium was brought down to as low as 300 kilograms (Chari 2014). This can be said that Uranium of all kinds was included in this huge amount of findings. It was with the availability of the uranium, Iran would be able to convert the gas into oxides and the gas can be further enriched to produce the gas back. It was decided that any scrap material will be enriched to 3.67% or even as high as 20% to turn the essential element into fuel (Katzman and Kerr 2015). Therefore, there remained more assurance that Iran cannot obtain the necessary materials required for the production of bomb. It has been observed that Irans defense minister had successfully tested two domestically manufactured missiles. The defense minister has stated that there are issues that are at the red line for Iran and there are no such issues to be d iscussed for the future operations. The impact of the P5+ was greatly observed Israel. It was one of the fundamental impacts that resulted in waging war against both Iraq and Iran (Grove 2015). American boys were sent to kill and get killed. It has to be mentioned that they were successful in their operation in case of the war at Iraq but somehow failed in Iran. Ex President George W. Bush was convinced to bomb against Iraq even when he planted a neoconservative ally around the presidential vision. Israel had some of its best lobbyists in the highest position at the White House (Chari 2014). Therefore, there has been implementation of tough diplomacy and the policy ultimately resulted in imposing severe sanctions to not attack in the country (Katzman and Kerr 2015). The failure that resulted in great losses that Israel had suffered. Israel had the support of both Europe and US. In the joint session of the US Congress, the activities of Israel were prevented from playing major role in the negotiation of P5. An approach was actually made to kill the US part of bargaining and finish the allies with Iran. It can be easily argued that any nuclear weapon that is originally manufactured at Israel if Iran is allowed to enrich with uranium, the Arab regions including Saudi Arabia will also be able to develop a nuclear weapon of their own and it might result in some kind of unfavorable characters. It has been found that Iran as an anti colonial had been working for decades and hoped for a sanction of Iran against the attack of both Israel and US. An important point has been pointed out that in the long term running battle, the battle of US over the never ending demand of forces remained at ultimate profit level with certain ethics that could ultimately starve the nation. The P5 impacts that are related to manufacturing of nuclear weapon eventually can be reduced to only some kinds of disputes related to nuclear technology. It has been suggested that more meetings and confrontations will be carried on. The State Department officials and other advisors will be engaged to that kind of agreemen t that will increase the transparency of the agreement as well as increase the length of the timeline for breaking out any nuclear action capability.

Organization Behavior free essay sample

Organisational behaviour is the study and application of knowledge about how people, individuals, and groups act in organisation. It does this by taking a system approach. That is, it interprets people-organisation relationships in terms of the whole person, whole group, whole organisation, and whole social system. Its purpose is to build better relationships by achieving human objective, organisational objectives, and social objectives. As you can see from the definition above, organisational behaviour encompasses a wide range of topics, such as human behaviour, change, leadership, teams, etc. The study of organisational behaviour involves consideration of the interaction among the formal structure, the tasks to be undertaken, the technology employed and the methods of carrying out work, the behaviour of people, the process of management, and the external environment. Task 1 1. 1 An organisational structure consists of activities such as task allocation, coordination and supervision, which are directed towards the achievement of organisational aims. It can also be considered as the viewing glass or perspective through which individuals see their organisation and its environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Organization Behavior or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Every organisation made up of more than one person will need some form of organisational structure. An organisational chart shows the way in which the chain of command works within the organisation. An organisation can be structured in many different ways, depending on their objectives. The structure of an organisation will determine the modes in which it operates and performs. Organisational structure affects organisational action in two big ways. First, it provides the foundation on which standard operating procedures and routines rest. Second, it determines which individuals get to participate in which decision-making processes, and thus to what extent their views shape the organisation’s actions. There are four main dimensions: * Specialization – the division of labour within the organisation, the distribution of official duties among a number of positions. * Standardization – procedures that occur regularly, are legitimized by the organisation, have rules that cover circumstances, and apply invariably. Formalization – the extent to which rules, procedures, instruction, and communications are written. * Centralization – where the authority to make legitimate decisions that affect the organisation is located. There are three main types of structures: * Matrix structures – provides for reporting levels both horizontally as well as vertically. * Functional structures – it is the most common structure. It groups individuals by specific functions performed. * Hierarchical structures – a series of ordered groupings of people or things within a system. Culture, in the organisational context, may be broadly defined as the sum of group’s way of thinking, believing, feeling and acting. Culture is the way of life of a group of people. More formally culture is defined as the complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by members of a society. There are four proposed criteria called dimensions for describing national culture: * Individualism versus collectivism Large or small power distance * Strong or weak uncertainty avoidance * Masculinity versus femininity 1. 2 The relationship between organisational culture and organisational structure is an important theme that is often overlooked. The two can be difficult to clearly distinguish from one another and even more so to clearly define within an institution. Organisational structure works within an organisational culture, but it is not completely separate. The two are very much intertwined. Organisational culture is more of a larger picture, a more general term that refers to a large umbrella of smaller topics and issues within an organisation. The structure refers to the infrastructure and the various methods and practises within that infrastructure that helps an organisational culture with the efficiency and consistency that should be the hallmark of any healthy organisational structure. This makes the structure an integral part of any organisational culture, but also narrows out a very specific segment of the culture as its own responsibility. Organisational structure will deal primarily with the set-up of the culture. How management works, which specific responsibilities supervisors have, how a complaint is passed through the ranks, these are all issues within the organisational culture that are directly tied to how an organisational structure works. As you can see, the relationship between organisational culture and organisational structure can be hard to tell apart, but in a fully healthy culture that is exactly what should be expected when all is functioning normally. 1. 3 There are five major factors that influence individual differences in behavioural patterns: * Demographics factors – the demographic factors are socio economic background, education, nationality, race, age, sex, etc. organisations prefer persons that belong to good socio-economic background, well educated, young as they are believed to be performing better than the others. The young and dynamic professionals that have good academic background and effective communication skills are always in great demand. * Abilities and skills – the physical capacity of an individual to do something can be termed as ability. Skill can be defined as the ability to act in a way that allows a person to perform well. The individual behaviour and performance is highly influenced by ability and skills. A person can perform well in the organisation if his abilities and skills are matched with job requirement. * Attitude – attitude can be defined as a tendency to respond favourably or unfavourably to certain objects, persons or situations. The factors such as family, society, culture, peers and organisational factors influence the formation of attitude. Personality – personality can be defined as the study of the characteristics and distinctive traits of an individual, the inter-relations between them and the way in which a person responds and adjusts to other people and situations. The several factors that influence the personality of an individual are heredity, family, culture and situation. Task 2 2. 1 In the past several decades, management experts have undergone a revolution in how they define leadership and what their attitudes are toward it. They have gone from a very classical autocratic approach to a very creative, participative approach. Somewhere along the line, it was determined that not everything old was bad and not everything new was good. Rather, different styles were needed for different organisation and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach. There are four basic leadership styles: * Autocratic leaders – which make decisions without consulting their teams. This is considered appropriate when decisions genuinely need to be taken quickly, when there’s no need for input, and when team agreement isn’t necessary for a successful outcome. Democratic leaders – they allows the team to provide input before making a decision, although the degree of input can vary from leader to leader. This type of style is important when team agreement matters, but it can be quite difficult to manage when there are lots of different perspectives and ideas. * Laissez-faire leaders – they don’t interfere; they allow people within the team to make many of the decisions. This works well when the team is highly capable and motivated, and when it doesn’t need close monitoring or supervision. However, this style can arise because the leader is lazy or distracted, and, here, this approach can fail. * Bureaucratic leaders – is where the manager managers â€Å"by the book†. Everything must be done according to procedure or policy. If it isn’t covered by the book, the manager refers to the next level above him or her. 2. 2 Organisational theory is the study of organisations for the benefit of identifying common themes for the purpose of solving problem, maximizing efficiency and productivity, and meeting the needs of stakeholders. It explains why organisation has the structure that they do like horizontal  differentiation, vertical differentiation, mechanisms of co-ordination and control, formalisation and centralisation of power. Classical theorist’s clams a single best way for organisation to be structured but theorists of today tend to believe that organisations vary considerably in structural attributes. Contingency theory claims that there is no one best way to organise. Contingency theory constraints or factor include: * The size of the organisation * How the firm adapts itself to its environment * Differences among resources and operations activities * Assumptions of managers about employees Technologies being used 2. 3 Evaluate the different approaches to management and theories of management used by two organisations. 1. Burberry * Identity of contingency approach where the form structure and management of Burberry are relative to its situations embraced in the business environment. * The group management and their teams are challenged with the responsibility of maintaining the integrity and vitality of this extraordinary brand while continuing to develop a business which remains relevant to ever-revolving markets and consumer taste. The Burberry brand is defined by its authentic British heritage, unique democratic positioning within the luxury arena, founding principles of quality, function and modern classic style, rooted in the integrity of its outerwear and globally recognised icon portfolio of the trench coat, trademark check and Prorsum horse logo. 2. Eurostar * The company highly flexible and expressive structure of Eurostar Company recognises the ability to change swiftly to meet the dynamic demands of the present business environment as a post-modern approach. Eurostar has been at the leading edge of innovation in the rail industry, setting new standards for travel by train. It was one of the first rail operators to introduce business lounges and a loyalty programme. * The management supports the learning role of employees in providing workshops to share ideas and interaction. This approach develops a good and healthy working relationship with the organisation and the reliance on customer’s feedback. Task 3 3. 1 It was one once again evident from analysing the objectivist literature that the role of the leadership is critical to the successful management of a culture program. Many argued that the primary role of any leader is to implement change and that without new leader or leadership team, coupled with a crisis, culture change is not possible. It describes how leaders have the responsibility to engage in ‘cultural visioning’ and to implement action plans that will attain the vision. New leadership has to come into place to bring a new set of assumptions and beliefs to the organisation, thus rectifying the crisis. The leadership also has to manage the conflict that inevitably comes with widespread organisational change. It places significant responsibility on the leadership to guide the company through the three stages of organisational development that it’s identified. Without visionary leadership, significant culture changes will not occur. 3. 2 Traditional theory ‘X’ – Sigmund Freud * Theory X assumes that people are lazy; they hate work to the extent that they avoid it; they have no ambition, take no initiative and avoid taking any responsibility; all they want is security, and to get them to do any work, they must be rewarded, coerced, intimidated and punished. This is the so-called ‘stick and carrot’ philosophy of management. If this theory were valid, managers will have to constantly police their staff, which they cannot trust and who will refuse to cooperate. In such an oppressive and frustrating atmosphere, both for the manager and the managed, there is no possibility of any achievement or any creative work. Theory ‘Y’ – Douglas McGregor * This is in sharp contrast to theory ‘X’. McGregor believed that people want to learn and that work is their natural activity to the extent that they self-discipline and self-development. They see their reward not so much in cash payments as in the freedom to do difficult and challenging work by them-selves. The manager’s job is to ‘dovetail’ the human wish for self-development into the organisations need for maximum productive efficiency. The basic objectives of both are therefore met and with imagination and sincerity, the enormous potential can be tapped. Theory ‘Z’ – Abraham Maslow * This is a refreshing change from theory X of Freud, by a fellow psychologist, Abraham Maslow. Maslow totally rejects the dark and dingy Freudian basement and takes us out into the fresh, open, sunny and cheerful atmosphere. Maslow’s central theme revolves around the meaning and significance of human work and seems to epitomize that work banishes the three great evils of boredom, vice and poverty. A man’s personality is the sum total of his works and that only his works survive a man at death. This is perhaps the essence of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, as it is more commonly known. The basic human needs, according to Maslow are physiological needs (Lowest), safety needs, love needs, esteem needs and self-actualization needs (Highest). TABLE 1| Maslows Hierarchy of Human Needs| Higher Level Needs| To Satisfy, Offer:| Self-actualization needs| Creative and challenging work| | | | | Esteem needs| Responsibility of an important job, promotion to higher status job, praise and recognition| Lower Level Needs| To Satisfy, Offer:| Social needs| Friendly co-workers, interaction with customers, pleasant supervisor| Safety needs| Safe working conditions, job security, base compensation and benefits| Physiological needs| Rest and refreshment breaks, physical comfort on the job, reasonable work hours| 3. 3 Understanding people’s perceptions, attitudes, motivations and behaviours is extremely important for achieving both managerial and organisational effectiveness. To get the very best out of people in work settings, managers constantly need knowledge about the behaviour of individuals and groups in organisation; they also need to be aware of the organisational and environmental variables that can potentially affect human behaviour. They need to understand, anticipate, modify and improve behaviours that are organisationally meaningful and relevant. The contribution of people, through their motivation and commitment, and dedicated behaviour towards the goals and objectives of the organisation remains the single most important factor in making organisations better and more effective. Some people like their jobs and work harder as well as smarter. They are also very proud of the organisations for which they work for. Other people simply dislike their jobs and would do anything just to avoid working. They would also prefer, if given the choice, to leave the work for another person to perform for them. There are many different ways in which motivational theory can be incorporated into the workplace for managers. Creating a program that incorporates motivational strategies into the organisation such as introducing new policy and procedure manual, rolling out an employee contest or developing a new feedback system. Conducting extensive training with the management staff that are responsible for employee motivation. Task 4 4. 1 Natures of groups – different types of groups are formed to achieve specific results in organisations. The definition of a group as given by Harold H. Kelley and J.W. Thibaut is â€Å"A collection of individuals. The members accept a common task, become inter-dependant in their performance, and interact with one another to promote its accomplishment. † There are three views on the nature of interaction between members of a group or group dynamics. The first view is the normative view, which describes how to carry out activities and organise a group. According to the second view, group dynamics consists of a set of techniques which include brainstorming, role play, team building, sensitivity training, self-managed teams, and transactional analysis. The third view explains group dynamics from the viewpoint of the internal nature of the groups. The formation of groups, structure, individual, other groups, and the complete organisation. Group behaviour – the structure of a group shapes the behaviour of members and performance as a group. Variable such a formal leadership, roles, norms, group status, group size, and composition of group have influence on the performance of the group. To understand group behaviour, group processes such as communication patterns, power dynamics, behaviour of the leader, conflict within the group should be understood clearly. The social loafing concept explains the differences in the performance of groups. Group processes should promote synergy where in the performance of the group is more than the sum of individual performances. The ‘social facilitation effect’ has an influence on performance of groups. According to this, there is a difference in the performance of individuals when tasks are performed in private and when performed in front of others. The group processes can be effective if the tasks are planned according to the comfort levels of peoples. 4. 2 There are many factors involved in the development of a good team. However, the three main factors in particular are communication, team balance and leadership. Communication is clearly an important part of interpersonal interaction and, of course, teamwork is all about interpersonal interaction. Open communication is a fundamental part of good teamwork in so far as it allows team members to understand each other’s point of view, to share ideas, to express feelings and to articulate plans. Poor communication can be a major barrier to effective teamwork. Wrestling with the complexities of communications is therefore part of the challenge of developing an effective team. The balance of a team involves having people whose experience, skills, perspective, interests and contributions complement one another, rather than duplicate or counteract each other. For example, it is no good having a team full of creative people who have lots of new ideas, but do not have the people who have the stamina to see those ideas through to completion. Differences between team members can, in themselves, lead to conflict but the diversity of the team and the balance that this can achieve, will generally more than make up for any such conflicts. Leadership refers to the ability to create and sustain a positive working culture to motivate or even inspire staff to play their part in creating a work environment in which there are high standards of practice, a high level of commitment and a positive approach. A key part of leadership is ‘vision’. This refers to the ability to keep a clear focus on what the team is trying to achieve, what its objectives are in terms of its overall strategy and aims. Effective teamwork therefore depends on a good leader, the right balance of the right people and the channels of communication remaining open between them. If these three core ingredients can be brought together, then there is every chance of a very effective and successful team developing. 4. 3 New technology has been injected into the workplace at an exponentially increasing rate over the last few decades. Many companies see new technology as the means to increase profit margins and to remain competitive in a rapidly evolving marketplace. New developments in IT have led to an increasingly mobile workforce. We are no longer tied to our desk in order to stay in the information loop. We can take our office with us wherever we go. Mobiles phones allow us to be reached almost anywhere. Blackberries and mobile laptops permit to access e-mail and other data products at a wide range of locations. A wide range of new technologies have given businesses access to faster communication, increased efficiencies, and the ability to work away from the office. New technology has opened a door of opportunities for organisation and employees willing to explore non-traditional work arrangements. As telecommunicating becomes more popular, employers are realising the benefits, including productivity gains, reduced absenteeism, reduced employee turnover costs, reduced real estate costs, and reduced relocation costs to name a few. Companies implementing new technology must also take into account the social impact. Because teamwork is a crucial element of workplace functioning. This effect may be able to be mitigated with a hybrid virtual team, where members occasionally meet in a traditional physical location. The only thing certain about the impact of technology in the workplace is that it will continue to change and evolve at an astounding rate. The organisation will need to understand the way that people – their employees and customer, will use and interact with them. Conclusion A very good reason to study organisation behaviour is to determine if the current behaviours are consistent with the future needs of the organisation. There are very good examples related to the behaviours of financial organisations. It is necessary to view the interrelationships between the development of theory, behaviour in organisations and management practise. An understanding of the development of management thinking helps in understanding principles underlying the process of management. Knowledge of the history helps in understanding the nature of management and organisation behaviour. And many earlier ideas are still important and are often incorporated into modern current management thinking. Theory provides a sound basis for action but if the action is to be effective the theory must be adequate and appropriate to the task and to improved organisational performance.

Free Essays on Is There A God

of Charles Spurgeon â€Å"Men will allow God to be everywhere except on his throne† d. Men want help but not leadership B. The only question that matters 1. Influences our attitudes 2. Influences our personality 3. How we spend our money 4. Everything about us C. The answer will show us what’s after death 1. Heaven 2. Hell 3. No life after death D. If there is a God, who is he 1. Indians believed in Sun God 2. Greeks worshipped Zeus 3. Some people to are atheists 4. Christians worship Jehovah II. Proving Gods existence A. Numbers to big for universe to happen by chance 1. The sun a. Has a diameter of 864,000 miles b. Any bigger everything collapses into it c. Smaller everything flies off 2. The earth a. A diameter of 8,000 miles b. If smaller, earth has no atmosphere c. Travels at 67,000 miles per hour d. 93 million miles from sun e. If farther we freeze f. Closer we burn up 3. Earths atmosphere a. 71% Nitrogen b. 21% Oxygen c. 2% Other d. Any different, we wouldn’t be able to breathe B. 7 ways of Disproving Evolution 1. Decay of earth’s magnetic field a.  ½ life of 1,400 yrs b. 7,000 yrs ago 32 times stronger c. 25,000 years ago, its heat and strength destroys earth d. Earth must be less than 25,000 yrs old 2. Populations Statistics a. A  ½ % growth rate, 5 billion people in 4,500 yrs b. It’s believed that the flood of Noah was 4,500 yrs ago ... Free Essays on Is There A God Free Essays on Is There A God God? Is there a god? If there is a god why doesn’t he make himself more evident and his existence not only proved by faith? Vailable questions that have plagued mankind since the place we have come to know as our world, came to be. I consider myself a Christian but many times I struggle with the same questions the atheist and agnostics use to disprove the existence of an all powerful, and omniscient God. Can we prove God or did this God make it so we must believe blindly or by solely faith? The bible states "Behold, as for the proud one, His soul is not right within him; But the righteous will live by his faith. As Christians we must go on faith but there is enough evidence to prove his existence. Occam’s razor is a principle made by William of Occam in the late 13th century. that scientist of today and all through time have used this, it states that one should use a simple explanation with a few explanatory premises before a more complex one. Most non believers use this in order to try to disprove god by saying that is it more simple to say that there is an all powerful God which space and time does not apply and all things are made and verified through him or is it simpler to say that all things just occur because of the way they are and through adaptation. I believe on the other hand that it is simplier to say that one person has created all we see rather than a one in a billion chance of the proper elements coming together at one moment in time and magically we appear. It is a known fact among Christians that our God is all powerful and can do all things no matter the task. Hes created everything we see and knows all that we do and all to come. By believing this same premise, non-believers create a reasoning that being omnipotent is impossible because you arrive at paradoxes, such as can God create a wall that even he cant tear down? Or can God create a Rock even he can’t carry? By saying no to either of these your show... Free Essays on Is There A God IS THERE A GOD? Purpose: To strengthen the belief in God using scientific theories and mathematical equations. Thematic Statement: The universe that we live in is much too big and complex to have happened by chance, and there are scientific and mathematic equations to back up my beliefs. I. Is there a God A. Belief of God is more questioned today than ever 1. As science advances, men question more 2. Men today have more pride than ever a. Refusal to believe that God is over them b. Want to feel that they are above all c. In the words of Charles Spurgeon â€Å"Men will allow God to be everywhere except on his throne† d. Men want help but not leadership B. The only question that matters 1. Influences our attitudes 2. Influences our personality 3. How we spend our money 4. Everything about us C. The answer will show us what’s after death 1. Heaven 2. Hell 3. No life after death D. If there is a God, who is he 1. Indians believed in Sun God 2. Greeks worshipped Zeus 3. Some people to are atheists 4. Christians worship Jehovah II. Proving Gods existence A. Numbers to big for universe to happen by chance 1. The sun a. Has a diameter of 864,000 miles b. Any bigger everything collapses into it c. Smaller everything flies off 2. The earth a. A diameter of 8,000 miles b. If smaller, earth has no atmosphere c. Travels at 67,000 miles per hour d. 93 million miles from sun e. If farther we freeze f. Closer we burn up 3. Earths atmosphere a. 71% Nitrogen b. 21% Oxygen c. 2% Other d. Any different, we wouldn’t be able to breathe B. 7 ways of Disproving Evolution 1. Decay of earth’s magnetic field a.  ½ life of 1,400 yrs b. 7,000 yrs ago 32 times stronger c. 25,000 years ago, its heat and strength destroys earth d. Earth must be less than 25,000 yrs old 2. Populations Statistics a. A  ½ % growth rate, 5 billion people in 4,500 yrs b. It’s believed that the flood of Noah was 4,500 yrs ago ...