Wednesday, February 26, 2020
Portrait of an Artist MichelAngelo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Portrait of an Artist MichelAngelo - Essay Example Yet, the spiritual beauty of his art defied his personality as it elevated man to a position closer to his God. Commissioned by Popes and the richest patrons of the time, for 89 years Michelangelo defied his contradictory nature as he channeled his pessimistic sadness and transformed his art into a symbol of hope and eternal optimism. The works of Michelangelo have been seen by millions of people as a work of transcendental spiritual beauty, but for Michelangelo it was simply the product of his dedication and hard work. Michelangelo had carefully laid the groundwork for his art as a studious young man and a serious artist. He studied painting as a craft, philosophy, and anatomy, which would give him a deeper understanding of the form of man and his role in the creation of the universe. However, at the age of 17 he was faced with being in the commission of Piero dei Medici, a powerful leader that the people of Florence despised. Within two years Michelangelo's dark and individualistic nature caused him to reject the Medici commission and flee to Bologna, which drove the artist further into depression. According to Ruvoldt, "Since antiquity, melancholy's link to exceptional achievement had been seen as small consolation for its considerable drawbacks, including crippling depression" (88-89). These early hardships a nd setbacks would drive Michelangelo away from social contact and propel him closer to the spiritual nature of Christianity. Michelangelo would distance himself from the craft and technicalities that his training had given him in favor of searching for the spiritual component of art. He did not wish to be seen as a craftsperson or merely a technician. These were the qualities of man and art was the providence of God. This tension would further drive Michelangelo into the isolation of depression and sadness. A statue carved when Michelangelo was 19 years old, the Bologna Angel, illustrates his frustration with the limitations of man. According to Luchs, "The hands holding the candelabrum curve smoothly around it, waxy and boneless, in a thorough renunciation of the anatomical knowledge Michelangelo had recently and arduously acquired from his dissections at Santo Spirito" (222). At this young age Michelangelo was already tormented by his search for spirituality in a world that was caged with the mortality of man. One of Michelangelo's greatest works, the Sistine Chapel, embodies the tension between sadness and elation as well as the contrast between isolation and universal unity. Michelangelo did not employ a large staff of apprentices as was often the custom of his time, and chose to complete the task by himself. Michelangelo completed the design, the drawing, and the painting in isolation at the top of the chapel. Yet, the work that Michelangelo did on the Sistine chapel is today viewed by 3 million people that make a pilgrimage to Rome to gain a greater understanding of man as a product of their God (Romaine 23). Yet, this great work of art required the torment of loneliness and the deafening silence that his isolation provided. A committee could not have created it. Michelangelo's melancholy and optimism would be played out through his pen and brush, as the work is a study in the contrast between the mortal failings of man and the perfection of spirituality. The centerpiece of the Sistine Chapel is the
Monday, February 10, 2020
What are the Pro's and Con's of Obama Care Research Proposal
What are the Pro's and Con's of Obama Care - Research Proposal Example alysis of the research topic will further assist in having a comprehensive understanding about the intentions and implications of the healthcare plan for the people. In the US, healthcare plans and policies are developed as well as implemented with the objective of providing better care and treatment services for the public. Principally, initiators of healthcare plans aim at providing adequate care along with treatment services in a cost effective manner, contributing to the overall social health altogether. Additionally, the US government has been spending substantial amounts of funds concentrated on the continuous development and growth of healthcare segments and policies for the enhancement of the entire healthcare system. In this regard, Obama Care was introduced as an affordable healthcare plan, under the Affordable Care Act. Obama Care has been initiated with the provision of offering affordable as well as low cost health and care services to a large number of uninsured people. The health plan has been implemented in order to improve insurance coverage. The plan is beneficial for providing affordable health services with better coverage. O n the other hand, the health plan has been criticized on the ground of racial prejudice and additional taxes. However, healthcare industry analysts criticized healthcare plans implemented through the Obama Care healthcare bill as fragmented in approach. Hence, the healthcare plan was also recognized to be ineffective as well as inefficient in its approach. In order to justify this claim, the healthcare plans were recognized to be inadequately covered within the diverse population. Contextually, the healthcare plans were perceived to provide uneven healthcare facilities and services. In addition, they were seen to have increasing gaps between the intended benefits to be delivered to the people and the realistic approach taken by the government (Chua, 2006). Subsequently, in this p proposed research study, a critical
Thursday, January 30, 2020
Bruce Feilers Walking the Bible Essay Example for Free
Bruce Feilers Walking the Bible Essay Bruce Feiler gives his readers new perspectives on the background of the events told in the Five Books of Moses, and on the Bible itself. The book is concerned with how the land itself had a deep influence (and still has a deep influence) on the bible and the spiritual culture of the people, and the author attempts to demonstrate how the bible is still relevant today. The book is an attempt to provide a cultural and historical context for the Bible. It is peppered with the authors thoughtful insights on the relationship of the land and its people, and relates the path of (re)discovery of faith as a result of the journey, while also providing a good starting point for anyone desiring to travel through the Middle East. The book, of course, is not an objective, scholarly work, and should not be taken as such. Although scholarly views of the events outlined in the five books and of the land and culture relevant to these events are presented, it is by no means a scientific work, as obvious from the religious theme of the book. Feiler takes the reader on a two-year exploration of the first five books of the Bible, by actually trekking through the land in which the events in the five books occur. The land itself is the focus of the book. He provides his insights on the effects of the land of the people, ancient and modern, and relates the views of the Jews on the relationship between god and the people. He describes the wilderness as instrumental in uniting the ancient Israelites as a people. He describes his experience in the desert, the journey through which Feiler states is the core of the first five books. It is in the desert where he experienced the ââ¬Å"raw human emotion involved in being in a stark place, confronting the limitations of ones upbringing, and trying to forge a new identity in the midst of a difficult, transforming journey. â⬠Feiler did not have a strong motivating purpose at the start of his journey, but he relates the significant change in attitude that the journey brought to himself. His initial intention was merely to be a tourist of sorts, using the Bible as a travel guide to experience and appreciate the land in which the events in the first five books of the Bible occur, but when he starts his journey, he finds out that there is a palpable ââ¬Å"connectionâ⬠between the land and the people, and he stops seeing the Bible as merely a travel guide. Through his journey he develops insights into himself concerning his faith, particularly on his identity as a Jew. Feiler ââ¬Å"rediscoversâ⬠his faith as a result of this journey, and provides some unique perspectives on the five books of Moses. Of course, as it focuses on the land, the book is also a travel memoir, a travel guide of sorts, providing useful tidbits for readers intending to journey there as well. Through his gustatory descriptions of geographical features, he manages to convey his impression of the sacredness of the land. He provides some background on scientific and historical arguments that have concerned the authenticity of the bible, but ultimately demonstrates that such concerns on empirical facts have little bearing on faith. He also outlines the influences of Israels relationships with neighboring lands, particularly Egypt and Mesopotamia, and how the culture of Israel was deeply connected to the land itself. The book focuses on faith, on history, and on travel, all in the context of the first five books of the Hebrew Bible. As a work of literature, it is not outstanding. As a travel memoir, it provides some useful and entertaining facts about the geography and culture of Israel. But the book is mostly focused on the author himself, on his views and insights gained from his journey; the book succeeds ultimately as a spiritual undertaking.
Wednesday, January 22, 2020
Andrew Jacksons Unruly Rise to the Presidency Essay -- Papers
Andrew Jackson's Unruly Rise to the Presidency In what many have called the dirtiest presidential election ever, Andrew Jackson reigned supreme over John Quincy Adams in the election of 1828. For the first time in a political campaign, the main focus was to slander the reputation of the opponent. Issues seemed to be disregarded in favor of personal attacks upon the individual. The days of standing for office and remaining silent towards the American public before elections took place were over. The election of 1828 focused on insults, name calling, and heckling between the candidates and their parties. The War of 1812 threatened to destroy the young nation's pride. Washington had been burned to the ground, the Hartford Convention was in session, and rumors of a British armada had east coast cities beginning to panic. Into this atmosphere of gloom and doubt burst the news of Andrew Jackson's crushing victory over the British in New Orleans. "The brilliant and unparalleled victory at New Orleans, has closed the war in a blaze of Glory and the nation agreed with him that Jackson's victory placed America on the very pinnacle of fame." Jackson had lifted the pride and the spirit of nationalism in previously frustrated Americans, and thus, became a national hero. Jackson's military triumphs led to suggestions by friends that he become candidate for president, but he disavowed any interest, and political leaders in Washington assumed that the flurry of support for him would prove temporary. The campaign to make him president, however, was kept alive by his continued popularity and was carefully nurtured by a small group of his friends in Nashville, who combined devotion to the general with a high degree of political ... ...ress) Rosebloom, Eugene. A History of Presidential Elections, 1970. Remini, Robert, American Presidential Elections: Election of 1828 (Packet from class.) Remini, Robert, The Election of Andrew Jackson (J.B. Lippincott Co. 1963) Troy, Gil, See How They Ran: The Changing Role of the Presidential Candidate (Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts) Ward, John, Andrew Jackson - Symbol for an Age (New York Oxford University Press, 1962) Satz, Ronald. American Indian Policy in the Jacksonian Era (Lincoln, 1975) Argus of Western America. Frankfurt, Kentucky, Wednesday, May 16, 1827. Argus of Western America. Frankfurt, Kentucky, Wednesday, June 6, 1827. Argus of Western America. Frankfurt, Kentucky, Wednesday, October 29, 1828. www.ask.com www.altavista.com www.searchopolis.com Notes From Class Andrew Jackson's Unruly Rise to the Presidency Essay -- Papers Andrew Jackson's Unruly Rise to the Presidency In what many have called the dirtiest presidential election ever, Andrew Jackson reigned supreme over John Quincy Adams in the election of 1828. For the first time in a political campaign, the main focus was to slander the reputation of the opponent. Issues seemed to be disregarded in favor of personal attacks upon the individual. The days of standing for office and remaining silent towards the American public before elections took place were over. The election of 1828 focused on insults, name calling, and heckling between the candidates and their parties. The War of 1812 threatened to destroy the young nation's pride. Washington had been burned to the ground, the Hartford Convention was in session, and rumors of a British armada had east coast cities beginning to panic. Into this atmosphere of gloom and doubt burst the news of Andrew Jackson's crushing victory over the British in New Orleans. "The brilliant and unparalleled victory at New Orleans, has closed the war in a blaze of Glory and the nation agreed with him that Jackson's victory placed America on the very pinnacle of fame." Jackson had lifted the pride and the spirit of nationalism in previously frustrated Americans, and thus, became a national hero. Jackson's military triumphs led to suggestions by friends that he become candidate for president, but he disavowed any interest, and political leaders in Washington assumed that the flurry of support for him would prove temporary. The campaign to make him president, however, was kept alive by his continued popularity and was carefully nurtured by a small group of his friends in Nashville, who combined devotion to the general with a high degree of political ... ...ress) Rosebloom, Eugene. A History of Presidential Elections, 1970. Remini, Robert, American Presidential Elections: Election of 1828 (Packet from class.) Remini, Robert, The Election of Andrew Jackson (J.B. Lippincott Co. 1963) Troy, Gil, See How They Ran: The Changing Role of the Presidential Candidate (Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts) Ward, John, Andrew Jackson - Symbol for an Age (New York Oxford University Press, 1962) Satz, Ronald. American Indian Policy in the Jacksonian Era (Lincoln, 1975) Argus of Western America. Frankfurt, Kentucky, Wednesday, May 16, 1827. Argus of Western America. Frankfurt, Kentucky, Wednesday, June 6, 1827. Argus of Western America. Frankfurt, Kentucky, Wednesday, October 29, 1828. www.ask.com www.altavista.com www.searchopolis.com Notes From Class
Tuesday, January 14, 2020
How teaching about discipleship might affect the life of a Christian today Essay
Each and every Christian has a vocation; it is in baptism when we enter into the Christian family that we begin our obligation to live out our vocation. There are many examples of vocations that we could be called to, for example the religious ministries, the priesthood and religious life. But, then even the most ââ¬Å"normalâ⬠of jobs and the most ââ¬Å"simpleâ⬠and ââ¬Å"ordinaryâ⬠things we do in our lives can be considered as fulfilling our vocation e.g. being a nurse, teacher, policeman or parent. We should have a positive response to vocation. We should not act like the Rich Young Man and let materialism weigh us down. We should act like the first disciples and give up everything and follow Jesus, but this has implications. Many people may find it difficult to show all the qualities of a disciple, such as giving up all they have, because they may have family responsibilities and it would be negligent to leave them or take things away from them. Also, society has changed and money is needed, if we were to be disciples like the first twelve we would not be able to survive on charity alone. Todayââ¬â¢s population is more materialistic and therefore unwilling to part with money or possessions. We should not become obsessed with wealth and materialism. We should be humble like the Woman at the Treasury. Christians who try to live out their vocation should develop the following four areas: service, prayer, faith and worship just like the disciples in Markââ¬â¢s Gospel. As Christians today we all have the responsibility to look after those in need and serve others just as the first disciples. Some may say that the mission today is somewhat ââ¬Å"watered downâ⬠, but the principle remains the same. There are many Christian organisations that work all over the world caring for the sick, feeding the hungry and speaking up against evil and injustice eg. Christian Aid, Concern and Trà ¯Ã ¿Ã ½caire. Just because we donââ¬â¢t work for these organisations we can still fulfill the mission. Those who do carry out the mission to such an extent can face lots of prejudice and hatred. Service is another important part of Christian life today. Jesus showed us this as he was a leader, but also served ââ¬â the disciples and those who he healed ââ¬â Jesus brought this service to such an extent that he sacrificed himself. There are people this century that have also taken the mission to this extent eg. Oscar Romero, Mother Theresa and Maximillian Kolbe. Unfortunately there are not many people who have gone to such lengths. As Christians today we have to try our best to: ââ¬Å"Forget self, take up our cross and follow me (Jesus)â⬠(8:34) Prayer and faith are important elements of Christian life today. Prayer allows us to keep in touch with God and it allows us to let him know how we are feeling. Sadly however some people neglect prayer and only pray when they want something or are in great need of help. In Markââ¬â¢s Gospel we see Jesus praying to his Father a number of times ââ¬â in the desert and in the garden of Gethsemane. We see the consequences of lack of prayer story of the Epileptic Boy. When the disciples asked Jesus why they could not drive out the demon he answered: ââ¬Å"Only prayer can drive this kind out.â⬠(9:29) This suggests that the disciples did not pray enough or just did not use prayer in this instance. Without faith there would be no belief in Jesus. Christianity is based on faith ââ¬â we believe and have faith that God exists and we believe this without seeing. We see the importance of faith in the story about the Woman with the Haemorrhage. She had faith that: ââ¬Å"If I just touch his clothes, I will get well.â⬠(5:28) She touched his clothes and he said: ââ¬Å"My daughter, your faith has made you well.â⬠We are human just like the first twelve disciples, we commit sin and make mistakes. We can fail to recognise him in the lives of others. Sometimes when we find life hard we reject Jesus and act like the rocky soil in the parable of the Sower. Yet even when times are difficult we should always turn to Jesus because he is always there for us. We should always have faith and trust in God. We know he will forgive us for our wrong doings as long as we are sorry, just as he did with Peter ââ¬â Jesus forgave Peter for denying him. We know this because at the time of the resurrection Jesus left Peter in charge of the Church. If we want to live like the first disciples we should not hold grudges, and forgive those who do wrong against us ââ¬â like Jesus. The message we should take from the commission is that the Good News is for everyone and that no one should be left out. Yet, in our world today there are groups of people who are segregated and marginalised ââ¬â 2000 years after the time of Jesus. In conclusion, as Christian disciples we are called to have faith, pray, love others, serve others and worship God.
Monday, January 6, 2020
The Discussing Of Michael Porters Strategies Business Essay - Free Essay Example
Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1205 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Michael Porters article discusses strategies on competitive advantage and profitability to be used in the market. Market or else competitive environment and successful position in it requires competitive advantage. Basically what that means is for company being positioned in the marked faster than competitive companies and this also requires strategy. Value. Company must create value by activities as Porter identified as a value chain. Competitive advantage generates when company delivers benefits for its customers may be same as other companies but for example for lover cost or they deliver better advantages. This actually allows company to establish higher value for customers and higher profits for company. Regarding to operations of logistics the Pepsi and Coca Cola possess are similar or same. They have their own ingredients, which they purchase based on contracts and in their own facilities then they produce their own concentrate. As a follow on o perations they ship their concentrate to bottlers where they use bottling company. Bottling company after they receive the concentration, they add correct amount of sugar, carbonated water and mix it to the correct concentration and than they bottle it for sale. Commonly these companies have contracted as less as possible bottling companies. This was basically done in order for bottlers to meet the concentrate producers demand and also to decrease shipping prices, and better ability for delivery. There are two important reasons for this procedure. Protection of their well-kept secret and which is particular mix of ingredients and protect the secret from bottlers that what exactly goes into their product. This protects high value of it, which also supports the image of the product. For Pepsi and Coca Cola this also represents a sense of prestige to the other products with its excellent secrets. Ãâà Ãâ Cash registers technology and its automation allow Pepsi and Coke and b ottling company to know exactly what amount of their product each element possesses. This strategy also allows sellers to sell more products and makes easy delivery of it in smooth timely procedure. Rareness. The rareness of a specific resource depends describes combination of physical rareness/uniqueness in the market or the rareness of the value of the resource caused by firms particular resource combination. Coca cola used to be one of the top companies over other soft drinks and has come up with many different types of favor at the inception of the business that would include sport drinks, bottled water and teas. Now both Coca cola and Pepsi with the constant growing allow now other vendors to contact in and have some opportunities to be a part of the companies. In regard to rareness the only rare component is the syrup that is artificial by the main corporations, which is then sold to the rest of the vendors. Coca-Cola and Pepsi used numerous technologies in order t o achieve rise to the top of the soft drink industry, and they also defined new technologies and established paradigms that popped the status quo like a cap from a soda bottle. Ãâà Through technology, Coca-Cola and Pepsi both perfected their drinks as a beverage and spread it over the world. Today, the US industry of soft drink is organized based on this principle. The Coca-Cola and Pepsi are now the largest companies in the world with their soft drinks. Imitability. Imitability evaluates capacity of value of resource of competitive advantage and its extend. If other firms that face a cost disadvantage because they do not possess these resources in obtaining or developing the resources, then the resources are imitable. Imitability is decsribed in two ways: duplication and substitution. These two main players dominate carbonated soft drinks (CSDs) sector. Coke and Pepsi are dominant companies of the soft drink industry and they have a pride to hold most part of a globa l market share. Additionally to these major players, there are also smaller companies such as Cott Corporation and Royal Crown that hold remaining market share. Coke and Pepsi are the main players of this market. Over a century they struggle to conquer the number one position in the market, and in last few years they compete fiercely to follow each others strategic decisions. However there is something that seems to threaten the profitability of these two companies. One thing seems to be able to decrease their high margins and that is increasing share of non-carbonated soft drinks since they rule in the CSDs industry. In regard to this, what will the future of Coke and Pepsi be? How will bottlers and Concentrate Producers (CPs) face this new challenge? Organization. Organization evaluates the fact how the firm is organized in order to utilize its resources and capabilities. Evaluation also includes companys components, which are reporting structure, systems of management controls, informational management and compensation policies. . These companies both perform close monitoring of the organizational structure, physical resources employees routine and financial performance. With these, the organizational function is to correctly formulate their tasks, organization, and guideline. Their managers delegate duties and tasks to the rest of the holders around the world. The organizations provide positive concert and output of their human resource division since it is their most important source for always being on top of the competition by always reading through to see if there is large amount of capable and knowledgeable employees. Staff is the most important assets of the corporations. Accomplishing assignments offers opportunities for the staff to strengthen their abilities and creates agreement. HR operates in various means as tactical associateÃâà forÃâà coca-cola. The motto right people in right places allows them to meet up company s goals and objectives. Globally, it was not easy for the company to operate successfully. However role and operations of dedicated HR department made the tough job easier for them. For driving the company on their way to success it is always about the creative manpower their performances. Job analysis is the process where sort of person who will be appointing for it must be here selected for these tasks skills including the job. Job description and job specification are two criteria of job analysis. This analysis is recognized by HR department of Coca Cola where they try to gather information regarding workers behavior performance and their working standards. This information is used by HR department to recruit, to select, to train people and for developing relationship between them. Ãâ Health and safety should be a big issue in terms of any organization, so coca-cola HR department very strictly follows this policy under continuous observation. Recommendation to coca cola management. Due to specific concentration of coca cola on older generations I would recommend to widen its portfolio and include the strategy where focus would be on entire spectrum of customers. Also I would recommend pursuing a multi-pronged marketing strategy, including growth into geographic regions like Russia, China, and Turkey. Another recommendation would be leverage of the Company assets by brand extension into water-based, slightly sweetened refreshment drinks to meet more health-conscious consumers. Furthermore, the fact that company purchases concentrates and syrups and its entire requirement from Coca-Cola Trademark Beverages (which involves 90% of its total sales volume), could cause adverse impact on the companys future operation if a conflict of interest between the two companies would have arise. Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Discussing Of Michael Porters Strategies Business Essay" essay for you Create order
Sunday, December 29, 2019
The Influences of Candideââ¬â¢s Development Essay example
The Influences of Candideââ¬â¢s Development The story Candide or Optimism, written in 1759 by Francois Marie Arouet De Voltaire, is about a young man who experiences many misfortunes and who is exceptionally naà ¯ve. His development throughout his journey in life is contributed and influenced by the people he comes in contact with. In the story, Candide has the opportunity to experience many different views on philosophical optimism by meeting different people who have all suffered from different experiences and misfortunes. Some of these people, such as Pangloss, Cacambo, and Martin are individuals who had a major impact on Candideââ¬â¢s development and perspective of life. Candide is a good-hearted but an extremely naà ¯ve young man. His mentorâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Pangloss, just like Candide is an unrealistic character. He too, is somewhat hopeful and refuses to accept bad, believing he could make their world a better place with his none sense optimism. As Candide continues to come in contact with all these misfortunes, it shows that Candide was a faithful young man, and indeed was a true believer in Panglossââ¬â¢ theory that all was well in their world. Pangloss also taught Candide that ââ¬Å"things cannot be otherwise than they are, since everything is made to serve an endâ⬠(521). Panglossââ¬â¢ philosophy is stating that everything has a purpose and everything that happens, happens for a reason. No matter how bad things might be going, it is for a good cause and can only be as bad if one believes it to be. Cacambo is also one of Candideââ¬â¢s companions on his journey. He also acts as an advisor and a guide for Candide and helps him develop some knowledge towards the ways of the world. Unlike any other character in the novel, Cacambo is honest and highly intelligent. Cacambo shows confidence through his intelligence and moral unrighteousness. He is a good man, as well as kind and generous. Cacambo pushes Candide to view th e world as it really is, instead of following Panglossââ¬â¢ philosophy of ââ¬Å"the best of all possible worlds.â⬠He wants Candide to understand that bad things happen in the world and that everything is not good. During the journey, Cacambo is always able toShow MoreRelatedVoltaire s Candide : A Satirical Work Wrought With Black Humor And Caricature Like Characters Essay1727 Words à |à 7 Pagesanything in life since no matter what man does it can only result in a state of unhappiness. Martinââ¬â¢s influence on the easily impressionable Candide is very evident throughout their encounters.Through a combination of his life experiences and Martinââ¬â¢s influence, Candide begins to adopt Martinââ¬â¢s downtrodden perspective and starts to acknowledge that all is not in fact well, marking a dramatic shift in Candideââ¬â¢s worldview. Balanced between the two extremes of optimism and pessimism lies meliorism. MeliorismRead MoreSocial Issues of Poverty and Class Distinction during the Enlightenment Period2339 Words à |à 9 Pagesreunited with his beloved and regain a qualified kind of redemption. It is in the misfortunes that Candide and others suffer in the novel that Voltaire cuts through the pretensions and hypocrisies of the Age of Reason (Cohen). The philosopher Pangloss, Candides tutor, insists that they live in the best of all possible worlds and maintains that view through various sophistries, but reality tells a different story. Candide meets characters who view the world quite differently, most notably Martin, who assertsRead MoreThe American And French Revolutions Essay1930 Words à |à 8 PagesCandide might have been considerably adjusted concerning illustration A Broadway musical previously, 1956. At the point when Voltaire was a young fellow, the French gentry ruled with an iron clench hand. In the meantime, in any case, the scholarly development known as the Enlightenment was spreading thoughts regarding the equity and essential privileges of man and the significance of reason and logical objectivity. Franà §ois-Marie Arouet, later known as Voltaire, was destined to a white collar class family
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